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National Security Action Memorandum 273
National Security Action Memorandum 273 (NSAM-273) was approved by new United States President Lyndon Johnson on 26 November 1963, one day after former President John F. Kennedy's funeral. NSAM-273 resulted from the need to reassess U.S. policy toward the Vietnam War following the overthrow and assassination of President Ngo Dinh Diem. The first draft of NSAM-273, completed before Kennedy's death, was approved with minor changes by President Johnson.
As the initial statement -- top secret at the time -- of U.S. policy in the Vietnam War of the Johnson presidency, NSAM-273 has been studied carefully to determine if it changed polices toward Vietnam from those of the Kennedy presidency. NSAM-273 and previous NSAMs were based on an optimistic view of progress in the Vietnam War. The strategy outlined in NSAM-273 was quickly overtaken by events and more realistic appraisals of the situation in South Vietnam. U.S. policy makers became more pessimistic and this led to escalation of U.S. military activity in Vietnam in early 1964.
==Background==
With the coup d'etat and assassination of President Diem on 2 November 1963, the Kennedy Administration faced a new situation in South Vietnam. President Kennedy ordered a "full-scale review" of U.S. policy and on 20 November his principal foreign policy advisers (numbering 45 persons in total) met in Honolulu, Hawaii. The advisers at the meeting were optimistic, concluding there was "an encouraging outlook for the principle objective of joint U.S-Vietnamese policy in South Vietnam -- the successful prosecution of the war against the Viet Cong communists." Also, the U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam Henry Cabot Lodge and Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) commander General Paul D. Harkins reported "excellent working relations" with the leadership of the new South Vietnamese government. The advisers concurred with plans, as stated in National Security Action Memorandum 263 of 11 October 1963 to withdraw 1,000 U.S. military personnel from South Vietnam by the end of 1963 and most American soldiers by the end of 1965.〔''Pentagon Papers, IV:B Evolution of the War, Counterinsurgency, The Kennedy Commitments, 1961-1963, 4. Phased Withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam, 1962-1964'', pp 24-25; National Security Action Memorandums (NSAM), https:://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsam-jfk/nsam-263.htm, accessed 25 Nov 2015〕
After the conclusion of the Hawaii meeting, on 21 November National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy wrote the first draft of what was to be NSAM-273. There are no indications that Kennedy saw the draft before his assassination on November 22.〔Newman, John M. (1992), ''JFK and Vietnam: Deception, Intrigue, and the Struggle for Power'' New York: Warner Books, p. 438-442〕
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